Tuesday, June 9, 2015

NTC REVIEWER (ELEMENT 2)

Let me share this Radio Amateur reviewer, its illegal to use unregistered radio, to be able to register your Radio Transceiver you must be a license amateur radio operator, so, you have to take a examination before you become a License Radio Operator and register you radio, like i do, i take an exam and become a license amateur radio operator.

Radio Laws (Element II)

1. No Radio station in the amateur radio service shall be operated except and in accordance with a valid permit or license issued by the
      Answer:  National Telecommunications Commission (NTC)2. Amateur class "D" certificate holders are authorize to operate      Answer: VHF radio station only (144 MHZ - 146 MHZ)3. Amateur Class "D" licensee is authorized to operate HF/SSB radio stations.      Answer: No4. Amateur class "D" licensee is authorized to operate VHF/FM       Radio sets with a maximum power of      Answer: 100 watts5. Amateur class "C" licensee is authorized to operate  HF stations with an output power not to exceed      Answer: 100 watts on CW6. Amateur class "B" licensee is authorized to operate HF fixed   Stations with an output power not to exceed
      Answer: 500 watts on CW7. Amateur class "A" licensee is authorized to operate HF fixed    Stations with an output power not to exceed      Answer: 1,000 watts on CW8. The minimum age requirement for an applicant to qualify for an amateur examination is      Answer: 12 years9. An examinee in the code test for an  amateur operator is considered passed if he/she has committed no error for a period of one (1) minute reception provided further that  he/she has transcribed at least      Answer: 2/3 of the text10. To facilitate the reception of distress calls  all transmission on 145.00 MHZ shall be kept to a minimum and shall not exceed      Answer: one (1) minute11. This channel is used only for emergency communications and general calling for radiotelephony.        Answer: 145 MHZ + 25 KHZ12. Before transmitting on the frequency 145.000 MHZ, a station should listen on this frequency for a reasonable period in order to        Answer: make sure that no distress traffic is being sent.13. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "A" code test is      Answer:  12 words per minute14. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "B" code test is      Answer:  8 words per minute15. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "C"  code test is      Answer:  5 words per minute16. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "D" code test is      Answer:  None17. A candidate for any class of amateur license is required to obtain an average of      Answer:  70%18. A holder of an ECE license or first class radiotelephone/radiotelegraph operator certificate is qualified to hold      Answer:  Class "B" amateur certificate/license19. What instruments are required for the operation of an amateur station?      Answer:  valid amateur operator certificate and amateur                        Radio station license.20. An amateur shall not transmit messages or signals containing       Answer:  profane or indecent words or language21. All transmission in the amateur radio service shall carry identification signals known as        Answer:  call sign22. Where should an amateur radio station licensed be posted?      Answer:  in a conspicuous place in the radio station23. An amateurs authorized to receive, levy or collect toll fee      or other remunerations for a service or services performed by his stations?        Answer:  No24. Are commercial messages allowed to be transmitted by an amateur?        Answer:  No25. The radio frequencies allocated for amateur stations shall be used strictly in accordance with         Answer:  the class of operating station26. What should an amateur do upon knowing that his station is       Causing harmful interference to the operation of any existing station?        Answer:  cease operation immediately27. Operation of portable stations must not extend beyond one (1) month in any other area without obtaining        Answer:  specific authority for continued operation28. If the operation of a portable station should exceed four (4) months in any other area, what must be applied for?        Answer:  modification of the station license29. When shall a person other than the licensed radio amateur allowed to use the latter radio transmitter/transceiver?         Answer:  when the operation is under the direct supervision or control of the licensee30. The Philippines is divided into how many radio amateur districts?         Answer:  nine (9)31. Who is authorized to install and operate amateur radio repeaters?        Answer:  Only duly recognized amateur associations, clubs or societies32. An amateur association should have how many number of members to qualify for accreditation by the NTC?        Answer:  2533. The fixed amateur radio station of an association, club or society shall be licensed under the name of         Answer:  trustee designated by the association, club or society34. One of the grounds for the revocation/suspension of a radio amateur license is         Answer:  violation of the provision of the radio control law35. In case of loss of an amateur certificate of amateur radio station license, what should an amateur do?        Answer:  file an application for duplicate with the NTC36. When should an amateur radio station license without modification be filed for renewal?        Answer:  30 days before expiration date37. When should an amateur certificate be filed for renewal?         Answer:  30 days before expiration date38. What is the maximum penalty levied to an individual who violates the provisions of the radio control law?         Answer:  fine of P 2,000.00 and imprisonment of 2 years          39. What is the maximum penalty levied to a company that violates the provisions of the radio control law?         Answer:  fine of P 5,000.0040. The content of a radio message shall be divulge only to the        Answer:  addressee41. What is the amateur radio service?        Answer:  A radio communications service for self-training and technical investigation42. What is an amateur radio operator?        Answer:  Someone who performs communications for self training and experimentation43. What is an amateur radio station?       Answer:  A radio station operated by a person interested in self-training, intercommunications and technical
                Investigations44. Ordinarily an amateur station logbook must be kept for how long after the date of last entry?          Answer:  one year45. An amateur radio station logbook with a distress traffic entry should be kept for a period of        Answer:  five years46. An amateur radio station license should be located        Answer:  In the premises under the control  of the licensee47. When is music allowed to be broadcast over an amateur radio station?        Answer:  never48. An amateur radio station is allowed to contact        Answer:  all amateur radio stations49. Holders of class "D" certificates are allowed to operate UHF/FM radio stations       Answer:  No50. Holder of class "C" amateur certificates may possess how many amateur radio stations?         Answer:  as many as they could51. A holder of Class C amateur license renews 3 years and expired 14 months. How much the filing fee?
      Answer: Php. 918.0052. When is citizen of another country qualified to take examination and applied for an amateur license her?      Answer: Some Privilege to Filipino national as far as examination is concerned.53. if a Class C amateur passes the examination for upgrade to a Class B, how does he effect the upgrade of his license?      Answer: Modification of amateur license.54. What application should be file with the NTC when an amateur license has been lost mutilated or destroyed?      Answer: Duplicate license55. A Candidate for any class of amateur license is required to obtain an average of….      Answer: 70% w/no grade 50% for any element56. What document is used by NTC authorizing the holder to purchase a radio transmitter or transceiver?      Answer: Permit to Purchase
57. What region are under amateur District 8?      Answer: Region IX/XII58. DU1ABC Transmitting in Iloilo and stay 4 months and apply modification of call sign, what call sign shall ne use to transmit?
      Answer: DU6ABC59. Which one below is valid amateur call sign in the Philippines?      Answer: DU1EOV60. What is DY, DW, DV, or 4F in the formation of amateur call sign?      Answer: Prefix61. The Philippines is under what region in International Telecommunication Union?      Answer: Region 362. 145.000 MHz +/-25 kHz emergency frequency transmitting how long should be to facilitate the reception in Distress call?      Answer: one (1) minute63. What is the Federation of National Amateur radio society worldwide which serves as the watchdog and spokesperson for the World Amateur Radio Community in the International?
      Answer: IARU (International Amateur Radio Union)64. In 2011 the NTC issued memorandum Circular 04-03-2011 on some frequency which shall be used.      Answer: 144.740 MHz and 7.095 MHz65. Portable operation must not exceed beyond one (1) month in any area without obtaining specific for continue operation.      Answer: one (1) month.66. Rules and Regulations governing the amateur radio service to be known as…      Answer: R.A 384667. Benguet is under what amateur radio district?
      Answer:  District 268. Class B amateur shall be allowed to take the examination for class A provided they have been holder of valid class B license for at least…      Answer: 12 months69. A radio portable intended to be used during unspecified halts or while in motion is Called..      Answer: Mobile Radio70. What is the emergency channel?
      Answer: 145 MHz+/-25 kHz71. What the maximum term for amateur radio station license?      Answer: 3 years72. What is not included in the frequency bands for amateur radio services?      Answer: 3.3-3.5 MHz73. The frequency for transmitting operating below ___ must be suspended during the period of reception..      Answer: 144 MHz74. Class A license shall be authorized to operate HF station with an output power not exceeding ____ watts on PEP single side band suppressed carrier..      Answer: 2000 watts75. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture (amateur TV) on all frequency above ____ MHz is allowed of authorized by NTC..      Answer: 40 MHz76. A radio teletype transmission the frequency shift shall not exceed ____ hertz…      Answer: 800 hertz.77. Who can install and operate amateur repeater station?      Answer: Accredited Amateur Radio Club78. The Amateur license of Mr. Abe expired 2007 what condition must be meet in order to review his amateur Class C license if he file application for license on Aug. 24, 2013?      Answer: He must pass appropriate exam before another license may be issued.79. What is Distress call radio telephony?      Answer: Mayday80. What is the distress call radio telegraphy?      Answer: SOS81. If an amateur with DU3DYG call sign temporarily operate a portable station in Zamboangga for less than a months, how could he identify his station in radio telephony?      Answer: DU3FYG Portable 8 (DU3DYG8)82. Dv3rxc Transmitting in Pangasinan and stay 4 months and apply modification of call sign. What call sign shall use to transmit?      Answer: DV2RXC83. What is the amateur station so designed that it may conveniently be move about from place to place or personally carried and be operate while in motion or temporary halts?      Answer: Amateur Portable Station.84. What is the amateur station installed on board vehicle or vessel and intended to be used while in motion?      Answer: Amateur Mobile Station85. What frequency range on 2 meter VHF can be used by amateur in the Philippines?
      Answer: 144.00-146.00 MHz86. What are provinces under amateur District 4?      Answer: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Sorsogon.87. What document shall a duly accredited amateur club enter into with NTC for the management of its member in the proper use of amateur frequency bands and prevention of harmful interference?      Answer: Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)88. How should frequency bands allocated for a particular class of amateur be used by duly authorized amateur?      Answer: Non Interference Basis89. Dumaguete city is under what amateur radio district?      Answer: District 790. Posting the call sign of fixed amateur station shall be posted at the entrance to premises where the fixed station located.      Answer: At Least 10cm High.91. Posting a call sign on the windshield of the vehicle or vessel with character at least..      Answer: 5.08cm high92. In Class C exam fail in element III and IV but passes element II (70%) shall eligible for..      Answer: Class D (Foundation Class)93. Which of the following methods is encouraged by the NTC when identifying your station when using phone?      Answer: Use phonetics Alphabet94. In voice Communication may be plain language either English, Filipino or any of the Philippines dialect.      Answer: Q Codes95. A radio station in the amateur service installed at specific and fixed location.      Answer: Amateur Fixed Station96. Refers to Telecommunication by means of radio waves conducted by or among duly authorized amateur operators on non commercial basis..      Answer: Amateur Radio Communication97. A group compose of NTC personnel and class A amateur from the national amateur radio organization who assist the NTC in formulating policies, rules and regulation and exam question for the amateur radio services.      Answer: Amateur Radio Consultative Panel (ARCP)98. Refers to a Class A amateur radio operator who has operated his own amateur for at least five (5) years and has been deputized by the NTC to inspect amateur station.      Answer: Amateur Radio Inspector.99. A radio communication services using space station and earth satellite for the purpose as those of the amateur radio services.      Answer: Amateur Satellite Services100. Refers to National Telecommunication Commission.      Answer: NTC101. General term applied to the use of radio wave.      Answer: Radio102. Refers to Telecommunication by means of radio wave.. Answer: Radio Communication.
1. Two resistors, R3 and R2 which are connected in parallel, is connected in series to R1. If the source of volume is 250 volts, what is the current flowing across R2? R1 = 500 ohms, R2= 800 ohms, R3 = 2000 ohms
      Answer: 0.075 (value of R3 should be 200 to give the correct answer)
2. In number 1, what is the current across R3?
      Answer: 0.28 (based on #1 if R3=200)
3. A resistor is marked as green, black, orange, no color. What is the value of this resistor?
      Answer: 5000 ohms +/- 20%
4. What is the value of a resistor whose marking are GREEN, BLUE, BROWN SILVER?
      Answer: 560 +/- 10%
5. What is the value of resistor whose marking are violet, blue, red, gold?
      Answer: 7600 ohms +/- 5%
6. What is the value of a resistor with color markings blue, gray, brown?
      Answer: 680 ohms
7. The prefix Pico means?
      Answer: 10-12
8. Decimal equivalent of 1 nanofarad
      Answer: 0.000000001
9. How many microfarads are there in 1 farad?
      Answer: 1 000000
10. The prefix GIGA means, ten raised to the power of ____
      Answer: 9
11. The logarithm of the output power over the input power multiplied by 10
      Answer: Decibel
12. A resistive load of 3000 ohms is connected across a resonant circuit in which the inductive and capacitive reactance are each 300 ohms. What is the circuit Q?
      Answer: 10
13. A short circuit has a resistance of ___
      Answer: Zero
14. How much power shall be converted to heat in a 4000 ohms resistor if the current is 350 mA?
      Answer: 490 w
15. An atom in its natural state has an electric change of___
      ANSWER: Zero change
16. What is the voltage across a capacitor of 100 pf at 14.30 MHz if the current through the capacitor is 50 mA?
      Answer: 5.6 V
17. The instrument used to monitor relative RF output when the transmitter and antenna are being adjusted is called
      Answer: Grid – dip meter
18. Three resistors are connected in parallel. What is the total resistance in the R1 = 100 ohms, R@ = 200 ohms, R3 is 300 ohms?
      Answer: 54 ohms
19. The 3 capacitors with a value of 15 of each are connected in series. What is the total capacitance?
      Answer: 5 uf
20. Two non-interacting capacitors are in series. One has a value of 10pF, the other of 20pF. What is the resulting reactance in a circuit operating at 28 MHz?
      Answer: 852
21. Two resistors having a value of 15 ohms and 7 ohms are connected in series across a 220 volt source. What is the voltage across 7 ohms?
      Answer: 70 volts (voltage across R2)
22. One of the formulas does not satisfy the Ohms Law
      Answer: V=I/R  V = I x R
23. A ____ is an instrument that measures resistance less than one ohm.
      Answer: Wheatstone bridge
24. Unit of conductance
      Answer: Siemens
25. Unit of admittance
      Answer: Siemens
26. The condition in an ac circuit containing both capacitive and inductive reactance in which the reactance’s are equal
      Answer: Resonance
27. The ability to store electrical energy in a magnetic field is ___
      Answer: Inductance
28. What happens with the resistance of a copper wire if we increase its diameter?
      Answer: Reduced
29. The main characteristic of a diode is:
      Answer: Current flows in one direction
30. A copper wire has a resistance of 10 ohms/metes. What is the resistance if the length is 40 meters?
      Answer: 400 ohms
31. Dry cells are connected ___ for maximum current
      Answer: Parallel
32. To be able to have at 4.5 volts do one may use this combination of flashlight batteries
      Answer: 3 (three) 1.5V in series
33. The tendency of RF currents to flow along the surface of the wire at high frequencies is called _____
      Answer: Skin effect
34. The main problem with this phenomenon is that increases the effective resistance of a wire for ac at moderate to high frequencies, compared with the resistance of the same wire at direct current (dc) and low ac frequencies
      Answer: Skin Effect
35. The characteristics of electronic equipment that permits undesired responses when subjected to electromagnetic energy
      Answer: Immunity
36. A series circuit consisting of an inductive reactance of 100 ohms and a resistance of 75 ohms is connected to a source of 250 volts. What is the phase angle?
      Answer: 53
37. A series circuit consisting of an inductive reactance of 100 ohms and a resistance of 75 ohms is connected to a source of 250 volts. What is the power factor?
      Answer: 60%
38. A capacitor of a reactance of 16 ohms is in parallel with a resistor of 12 ohms. What is the resulting impedance?
      Answer: 10
39. A capacitor with a reactance of 16 ohms is in parallel with a resistor of 12 ohms. What is the resulting PHASE ANGLE?
      Answer: -37o
40. How much current is flowing through the resistor if the resistance is 35 ohms and the voltage is 140 volts?
      Answer: 4 amps
41. What is the audio frequency range?
      Answer: 30Hz – 30 KHz
42. What is the frequency of operation when wavelength of the radio signal is 3 meters long?
      Answer: 100 MHz
43. What is the frequency of an 80-m RF wave?
      Answer: 3.75 MHz
44. What is the wavelength 9 (in meters) of an RF wave whose frequency is 14 MHz?
      Answer: 21 m
45. The frequency band 30 – 300 MHz is also known as:
      Answer: VHF
46. The frequency 54 GHz is under what classification of frequency?
      Answer: EHF
47. The frequency range of 430 MHz is in the ___ band?
      Answer: UHF
48. AM radio station with the frequency of 666 kHz? Is under what classification?
      Answer: MF
49. The frequency band of MF
      Answer: 300 – 3000 kHz
50. Two non-interacting inductances are in series. Each has a value of 4.0 uH, and the operating frequency is 3.8 MHz   what is the resulting reactance?
      Answer: 96
51. What is the peak voltage on a capacitor if the RMS voltage of a sinusoidal waveform is 150 V ac?
      Answer: 212 V
52. A flow of electrons forced into motion by voltage is known as
      Answer: Current
53. What is the bandwidth of a series-resonant circuit operating on 145 MHz with a Qu of 100?
      Answer: 1.45 MHz
54. Power factor of a purely resistive circuit?
      Answer: 1
 
Element 4
 
1. Equipment used to measure Standing Wave Radio of a transmission line is ____
      Answer: Reflectometer
2. An example of a widely used semi conductor material
      Answer: Germanium
3. Transmitting stations must have this installed to have a mean of draining static energy charges from antenna system
      Answer: Lightning arresters
4. A Wave trap is another kind of ___
      Answer: Band stop filter
5. What is the power of transmitter with voltmeter reading of 1100 volts and 500 mA?
      Answer: 550 W
6. What is used to measure current?
      Answer: Ammeter
7. This equipment provides visual display of amplitude versus frequency of a signal on a cathode ray tube
      Answer: Spectrum analyzer
8. Sweep generator is used to ___
      Answer: Generate pulsating DC voltage
9. Wheatstone bridge is an instrument that measures an unknown
      Answer: Resistance
10.The second harmonic of 1200 Hz
      Answer: 2400 Hz
11.Hams must regularly tune their transceivers. This must be done using ____ to ensure no interference to other users of the band
      Answer: Dummy load
12.When should the words “break break” be used?
      Answer: Urgency of priority traffic
13.   The Q-codes are extensively used in the amateur service QTH means __
      Answer: Location
14.   Ground conductors may be made from
      Answer: Bronze
15.   When to use two tone test
      Answer: Set up linear amplifier for SSB
16.   The equipment is a simple audio amplifier with high impedance input used to “hear” a signal in a circuit
      Answer: Signal tracer
17.   A multi meter is an instrument having a number of measuring functions. Which is not a function of a multi-meter?
      Answer: Measure RF
18.   If a 0.1 dc milliammeter is to be converted into a voltmeter with full scale calibration of 100 volts, what value of resistance should be connected in series with the milliameter?
      Answer: 100,000 ohms
19.   Which test cannot be performed by a typical vacuum tube tester?
      Answer: None of the above
20.   It is an instrument that measures the relative power being radiated from an antenna
      Answer: Field strength meter
21.   What is a potentiometer?
      Answer: Variable resistor
22.   Identical or match impedance of antenna and transmission line will result in?
      Answer: Unity SWR
 
23.   A circuit that is complete and therefore allows current to flow is called ___
      Answer: Regulated circuit
24.   What happens when a resistor is connected in series with a meter?
      Answer: Increase measuring range of voltmeter
25.   Which does not belong to the group?
      Answer: Spectrum analyzer (not a multi tester)
26.   What does a QSA mean?
      Answer: Signal strength
27.   Device used to connect a balanced line to unbalance line
      Answer: Balun
28.   If it is 1 AM in Manila, what is the Universal Standard time?
      Answer: 17:00
29.   This is a mathematical technique for determining the frequency content of a signal and when applied will improve the signal to noise ratio
      Answer: Fourier Transform
30.   A resistor to set resistors used in place of an antenna to test a transmitter without radiating any electromagnetic energy into the air
      Answer: Dummy load
31.   Four passive elements (such as resistors, inductors) connected as a pair of voltage dividers with a meter or other measuring device across two opposite junctions
      Answer: Bridge Circuit
32.   If a signal covers the frequency 14200 to 14250 kHz what is the bandwidth?
      Answer: 50 kHz
33.   How should a voltmeter be connected to the circuit to measure the current across the shunt?
      Answer: Series with the shunt
34.   Measure of voltmeter sensitivity
Ohms per volt
35.   A microphone is shielded with the hands to:
      Answer: Reduce outside noises
36.   When communications are disrupted as a result of a disaster, the license of a station may:
      Answer: Use the station for emergency
37.   Call signs are transmitted to:
      Answer: Identify the originator of message
38.   A wattmeter automatically compensates for
      Answer: Power factor
39.   An instrument used to present test signals in frequency domain
      Answer: Spectrum analyzer
40.   The origin of interfering signal can be located with the use of a direction finder by
      Answer: Triaqulation
41.   What must the radio operator do before beginning a call or a test transmission?
      Answer: Send call sign
42.   What is the formula for power?
      Answer: P = VI
43.   Phonetic Alphabet is commonly used in radio communications because it:
      Answer: Ensure words are clearly understood
44.   An effective ___ system is necessary for every amateur station because it provides a common reference potential for all parts of the ac system and reduces the risk of electric shock
      Answer: Safety ground
45.   The speed of light is
      Answer: 300,000,000 m/sec
46.   The frequency 15 MHz is in the band of?
      Answer: HF
47.   What opposes the flow of current in an AC circuit?
      Answer: Inductance
48.   A radio operator must check for any ongoing communications on the frequency prior to:
      Answer: Testing his radio on air
49.   Digital Frequency Counters are often used in the radio world. What is not an application or use of this equipment?
      Answer: Measuring reflection coefficient.   

Vitamin E - immune system booster



Vitamin E immune system booster

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble nutrient found in many foods. Its acts as an antioxidant in the body protect our cells from the damage caused by free radicals. Like cigarette smoke, air pollution, and ultraviolet light from the sun.

Vitamin E also boosting our immune system so that it can fight off invading bacteria and viruses. It helps to widen blood vessels and keep blood from clotting within them. Also our cells use vitamin E to interact with each other and to carry out many important functions.

Vitamin E sounds like a single substance, but it is actually the name of eight related compounds in food, including alpha-tocopherol. Each form has a different potency or level of activity in the body.
Daily Recommended Amount of Vit E

The amount of vitamin E we need each day depends on our age.

Recommended Amount of Vit E for, 

  • Infants 7–12 months 5 mg (7.5 IU) 
  • Children 1–3 years 6 mg (9 IU) 
  • Children 4–8 years 7 mg (10.4 IU) 
  • Children 9–13 years 11 mg (16.4 IU) 
  • Teens 14–18 years 15 mg (22.4 IU) 
  • Adults 15 mg (22.4 IU) 
  • Pregnant teens and women 15 mg (22.4 IU) and 
  • Breastfeeding teens and women 19 mg (28.4 IU)

Note, highest safe level of vitamin E supplements for adults, in natural forms of vitamin E, is 1,500 IU/day and for the man-made (synthetic) form, is 1,000 IU/day.

Vitamin E deficiency.

Vitamin E deficiency is very rare in healthy people. It is almost always linked to certain diseases where fat is not properly digested or absorbed. Like for example,  Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, and certain rare genetic diseases such as abetalipoproteinemia and ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED). Vitamin E needs some fat for the digestive system to absorb it.

Vitamin E deficiency also cause nerve and muscle damage that results in loss of feeling in the arms and legs, loss of body movement control, muscle weakness, and vision problems and weakened immune system.

Take Vitamins E; here are Foods that are richer in Vitamins E
Nutritional elements like vitamin E are often most found in fresh fruits and vegetables.

  • Mustard Greens – a hot tasting green are the top carriers of vitamin E and a lot to a healthy meal.
  • Swiss chard – leafy green that helps put a whole lot of vitamin E
  • Spinach – Spinach a health booster. With vitamin E and many more antioxidants and essential nutrients.
  • Kale and Collard Greens – has also a vitamin E and other essentials.
  • Nuts – Almonds and some other nut varieties contain vitamin E and more great nutrients.
  • Tropical Fruits – Fruits like papaya and kiwi are sources of vitamin E.
  • Red Bell Peppers – also a great source of vitamin E, vitamin C, and other similar powerful antioxidants.
  • Oils – Vegetable oils such as olive oil are also a good source of vitamin E and other nutrients. Keep away from sunlight to help keep them fresher.
  • Wheat – also be a great source of vitamin E,

All of these foods can help us and bring the many health benefits of vitamin E into a daily diet.


Reference:
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-QuickFacts/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002406.htm

The "B" vitamins



The "B" vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. This supplements containing all 8 as a vitamin B complex,

The list of "B" VITAMINS COMPLEX

Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B 3 (niacin or niacinamide) Vitamin B 5 (pantothenic acid) Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride) Vitamin B 7 (biotin) Vitamin B 9 (folate) Vitamin B 12 (various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin in vitamin supplements)

The FUNCTION of B vitamins

  • B1 - Vitamin b1 Thiamine plays a central role
  • B2 - Vitamin b2 Thiamine in the generation of energy from carbohydrates. It is involved in RNA and DNA production, as well as nerve function. Its active form is a coenzyme called Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which takes part in the conversion of private to acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA) in metabolism.
  • B3 - Riboflavin is involved in the Vitamin b3 energy production for the electron transport chain, the citric acid cycle, as well as the catabolism of fatty acids (beta oxidation)
  • B5 - Vitamin b5 Niacin is composed of two structures: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. There are two co-enzyme forms of niacin: the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that carries hydrogen’s and their electrons during metabolic reactions, including the pathway from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, this two play an important role in energy transfer reactions in the metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol.
  • B6 - Vit B6 Pantothenic acid is involved acid in the oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates.
  • B7 - Vit b7 Pyridoxine is usually stored in the body as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a co-enzyme form of vitamin B 6. It’s involved in the metabolism of amino acids and lipids; in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and hemoglobin, as well as in the production of nicotinic acid (vitamin B 3). It’s also plays an important role in gluconeogenesis.
  • B8 - Vitamin b8 Biotin is plays a key role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
  • B9 - Vitamin b9 Folic Acid acts as a co-enzyme in the form of tetrahydrofolate (THF), which is involved in the transfer of single-carbon units in the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. It is needed for normal cell division, especially during pregnancy and infancy, which are times of rapid growth. Folate also aids in erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells.
  • B12 - Vitamin b12 Cobalamin is involved in B 12 the cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. It is essential in the production of blood cells in bone marrow, nerve sheaths and proteins.


B vitamin sources

  • B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. because of this reason that unprocessed has a high vit b than processes food many country including US are required by law that this B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid should be added back to white flour after processing, this flour called Enriched Flour on food labels.
  • B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver. 
  • Good sources for B vitamins include whole grains, potatoes, bananas, lentils, chilli peppers, temper, beans, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses.


Overdose effect of B vitamins
Because b vitamins are Water-soluble it is eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins may produce a little and passing effects.


Vitamins b complex deficiency symptoms
Symptoms in the skin, like, dermatitis, dry skin, cracks at the corners of the mouth, frequent bruising and wounds that takes a long time to heal,


Possible symptoms.

  • Muscle weakness, lack of coordination and wasting away of muscle mass. Pain or soreness in the muscles or joints may also feel. Tingling in the fingers and toes may also occur,
  • Mental effects, like, confusion, headache, insomnia or irritability, an increased sensitivity to light, Anemia,
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms, like a nausea, vomiting or diarrheal, Folate deficiency is also harmful, especially in the mother‘s to be, because it can cause severe neurological birth defects.



Sources. Livestrong and Wikipedia
http://www.livestrong.com/article/342433-vitamin-b-complex-deficiency-symptoms/#page=1
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins