What are lazy eyes?

What are lazy eyes?

This is called, Amblyopia, a disorder of sight. It’s a decreased vision in an eye that otherwise appears normal, or out of proportion. In amblyopia, visual stimulation either fails to be or is poorly transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for a continuous period of time. It can also occur when the brain "turns off" the visual processing of one eye to prevent double-vision, for example in strabismus (crossed eyes).

Credit to the owner.



Signs and symptoms

People who have severe amblyopia may experience related visual disorders, most notably poor depth perception.

Amblyopia is characterized by several functional abnormalities in spatial vision, including reductions in visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity function (CSF), and vernier acuity as well as spatial distortion, abnormal spatial interactions, and impaired contour detection.  People with amblyopia also have problems of binocular vision such as limited stereoscopic depth perception and usually have difficulty seeing the three-dimensional images in hidden stereoscopic displays such as autostereograms. However, perception of depth from monocular cues such as size, perspective, and motion parallax remains normal.

Three main causes of amblyopia

Strabismic: by strabismus (misaligned eyes) usually results in normal vision in the preferred sighting eye (the eye that the person prefers to use), but may cause abnormal vision in the deviating or strabismus eye due to the difference between the images projecting to the brain from the two eyes it causes double vision (diplopia), since the two eyes are not fixed on the same object these tend to show ocular motion deficits when reading,  they tend to make more saccades per line than persons with normal stereo vision, and to have a smaller reading speed, especially when reading a text with small font size.

Refractive: by anisometropia (high degrees of nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism in one or both eyes), Refractive or anisometropic amblyopia may result from anisometropia (unequal refractive error between the two eyes).  Anisometropia exists when there is a difference in the power between the two eyes. The eye which provides the brain with a clearer image typically becomes the dominant eye. The image in the other eye is blurred, which results in abnormal development of one half of the visual system.

Deprivational: by deprivation of vision early in life by vision-obstructing disorders such as congenital cataract. Deprivation and occlusion amblyopia results when the ocular media become opaque, such as is the case with congenital cataract or corneal haziness. These opacities prevent adequate visual input from reaching the eye, and therefore disrupt development. If not treated in a timely fashion, amblyopia may persist even after the cause of the opacity is removed. Sometimes, drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) or some other problem causes the upper eyelid to physically occlude a vision, which may cause amblyopia quickly. Occlusion amblyopia may be a complication of a hemangioma that blocks some or the entire eye.
  
A lazy eye (amblyopia) is often diagnosed and treated by an orthoptist under the supervision of an ophthalmologist.

The two main treatment options for a lazy eye are:

Encouraging the use of the affected eye so that vision can develop properly.

Glasses Vision problems such as short- or long-sightedness can be corrected using glasses. Glasses may also help to straighten a squint, and in some cases can fix the lazy eye without the need for further treatment.


Source:
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/amblyopia
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Lazy-eye/Pages/Treatment.aspx

PUV MODERNIZATION PROGRAM.

The Philippine Government launched a PUV (Public Utility Vehicle) Modernization Program, this could be a another achievement for Duterte administration to modernize the public transportation system in the Philippines.

Despite of what happen last Oct. 16-17, 2017. The two days transport rally against this PUV Modernization headed by Pinagkaisang Samahan ng mga Tsuper at Operator Nationwide  (PISTON) the Government are still eager to enforce it on January 1. 2018 and the president say, that if he see the jeepney that is not registered, old, he will tow it infront of them.

The PUV modernization is the government's long-planned program to make public utility  vehicles safer, more convenient, more comfortable, and environment-friendly.

The new vehicles will be equipped with GPS and CCTVs to monitor both passengers and driver. It has a speed limiters and safety officers will be assigned. So, be aware racer. It has also a easier access for PWDs and those with limited mobility. 

With these changes, the new routes rules will be issue. Under these new rules, the local government units (LGU) are required to develop a local transport plan, including, traffic management measures, and a route plan based on existing networks and passenger demand, not like at present the  PUV franchises work with route proposals from operators not from passenger. What is this? It's the issuance of Omnibus Franchising Guidelines (OFG) to ease the old practice and better improvment. Today's practice sometime cause traffic and inconvenient to the passenger, cost more money because other driver take cutting trip so you have to ride again to be able to reach your destination.

The questions is, what happen to the old jeepney, are they scrapt?

Photo credit to the owner.

It's not, according to the Department of transportation (DOTr) the old jeepney will be modernized to provide better service. The driver operator have a three-year transition period to bring the old vehicles to modernize with the government's assistance, also to ensure that their vehicles will comply with international and local emission standards. In modernization it's included the driver character from the Government training program.

The piston go to the street to protest this modernization they say, they can't afford the cost of new vehicle. But the government said it will help the operators and drivers of public utility jeepney (PUJs) to purchase the new jeepney.  

Thus, The Department of Transportation (DOTr) Secretary Arthur Tugade, Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board chairman (LTFRB) Martin Delgra III, Department of Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III and Land Bank of the Philippines President Alex Buenaventura signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) last April 30. 2017. To fund the purchase of operators and drivers of modernized PUJs to replace old and dilapited units. Under the program, operators or drivers can loan e-jeepneys worth at least P1.4 million to P1.6 million with a 6-percent annual interest rate, a very generous, offers loan equity, longer pay period and low interest rates. The other drivers and operator support this Modernization program.

The Development Bank of the Philippines (DVP) also Developed the Support Alternative Driving Approaches (PASADA)  Program which will offer responsible and reasonable financing for transport corporation and cooperative to allow them to avail a new Passenger jeep.

The dotr say this Modernization program is not anti-poor during the signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with DBP.

Financial help for drivers and operator are on the way, the dotr continued looking for financial help to push this puv modernization.

Really, its hard for the beginning especially for the small operator and driver but it is time to modernize the country’s public transport system for the passengers, convenient and safe travel for the 21th Century, both driver/operator and passenger will benefit from this Modernization.

Soon, we will become, one, of the Countries who has the Best Public Transportation Systems.

Sources:

www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/puv-modernization-program-a00187-20170619

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/10/17/duterte-slams-piston-opposing-puv-modernization-program-569873

https://business.mb.com.ph/2017/05/01/financing-program-for-jeepney-operators-to-buy-new-units-launched/

https://dotr.gov.ph/2014-09-02-05-01-41/latest-news/298-dotr-secretary-tugade-says-puv-modernization-program-not-anti-poor.html

Tips on how to eat right for your blood type.

By Read & Digest Philippines

Nowadays, numerous people are being involved with the problem of losing weight, they are doing their best in order to suit the various ways and methods if diet regimes.

However, if you already have a regular diet plan that can actually benefit different kinds of effects within different kinds of people, it can be difficult to discover the exact way in losing weight in a natural way with an immediate result.

Nevertheless, the blood type of human contains a huge factor when it comes to the manifestation of both their personality and health, in a more proper way of citing. There is an association between the human blood type, as well as the personal behavior or attitude and health.

Due to this reason, a doctor which is known as Dr. Peter J. D’Adamo came up with an amazing idea where he have invented a Blood Type Diet Guide where he based on personality of a person, as well as its blood type.

He have said, “When we are going to talk about diet, we are not actually talking necessarily about a weight loss plan, that is a side benefit on following this kind of plan. We are actually conversing about diet in the more traditional sense, meaning to say, a way to eat.”

Blood Type Diet Guide:

Type A

People who have this type of blood are those people who are in favor of a structured, balanced and peaceful life that was surrounded by a positive, as well as a supportive community. The Doctor have stated that these kinds of people would suffer from too much weight loss if they are going to replace both of meat and vegetables.

Moreover, he has also cited that people with Type A blood should eat fresh, organic and pure types of diets. Most of the people with this kind of blood  have usually sensitive immune system and they can potentially discharge the immune system which will eventually lead in the development of threatening diseases.

Type B

Dr. D’Adamo has said that people who have this type of blood would carry the genetic potential for high malleability, as well as the ability to grow well in changeable conditions.

This is the guiding light for this blood type of carrier of B that they are confident in gaining weight because of the consumption of foods that affects their metabolism. For instance, corn, sesame seeds, lentils, chicken, peanuts, wheat, tomatoes, and even buckwheat.

Type AB

Commonly, people with this blood contain an optimum balance in both of life challenge and decision making. They are extremely lovable and they always have the fortune when it comes to love.

The Doctor believes that these people have low stomach acid, but they are fond of eating meat. Nevertheless, their stomach fails to metabolize the meat, and it can also store fats. If the people consume small amount of meat, they will solve these digestive problems.

Type O

Dr. D’Adamo has a contrast that the levels of stomach acid in an individual belongs to this kind of blood are extremely high because they can actually effortlessly digest various meals that are high in fat and protein.

They can consume meat all at once, but they should stay away from simple carbohydrates, particularly grains.

Share this article to both of your friends and family so that you may help them as well.

Source:

http://readanddigestph.com/2017/09/05/tips-on-how-to-eat-right-for-your-blood-type/

Basic information about Lung cancer

Basic information about lung cancer, cause symptoms treatment and prevention.
Lung cancer, recently one of our lady senator got a lung cancer, she said where she got it, she didn’t smoke or even her family. So, where she got it. What the cause of it.

Function of the lungs

The principal function of the lungs is to exchange gases between the air we breathe and the blood. Through the lung, carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream and oxygen from inspired air enters the bloodstream. The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung is divided into two lobes and a small structure called the lingula that is the equivalent of the middle lobe on the right. The major airways entering the lungs are the bronchi, which arise from the trachea. The bronchi branch into progressively smaller airways called bronchioles that end in tiny sacs known as alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The lungs and chest wall are covered with a thin layer of tissue called the pleura.

What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor, characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages.
Malignant tumors, the more dangerous ones, spread to other parts of the body either through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.

Benign tumors it’s the Tumors that remain in one place and do not appear to spread
Primary lung cancer originates in the lungs, while secondary lung cancer starts somewhere else in the body, metastasizes, and reaches the lungs.

How is lung cancer classified?

It classified into two main types based on the cancer's appearance under a microscope:
One is non-small cell lung cancer and second is small cell lung cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be divided into four different types, with different treatment options:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma or epidermoid carcinoma.  The most common type of lung cancer in men, squamous cell carcinoma forms in the lining of the bronchial tubes.
2. Adenocarcinoma, the most common type of lung cancer in women and in nonsmokers, its forms in the mucus-producing glands of the lungs.
3. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma, a rare type of adenocarcinoma that forms near the lungs' air sacs.
4. Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma. A rapidly growing cancer, large-cell undifferentiated carcinomas form near the outer edges or surface of the lungs.

Second is small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by small cells that multiply quickly and form large tumors that travel throughout the body. Almost all cases of SCLC are due to smoking.
Small cell lung cancer has two stages: limited or extensive. In the limited stage, the tumor exists in one lung and in nearby lymph nodes. In the extensive stage, the tumor has infected the other lung as well as other organs in the body.

Cause of lung cancer

Most lung cancers are the result of inhaling carcinogenic substances.

What is a carcinogenic substance?

Carcinogens are a class of substances that are directly responsible for damaging DNA, promoting or aiding cancer. Arsenic, radiation such as gamma and x-rays, the sun, and compounds in car exhaust fumes are all examples of Carcinogens

Other example of Carcinogens
Smoking

The incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking, with about 90% of lung cancers arising as a result of tobacco use.
Pipe and cigar smoking also can cause lung cancer, although the risk is not as high as with cigarette smoking.
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemical compounds, many of which have been shown to be cancer-causing or carcinogenic.
Passive smoking or the inhalation of tobacco smoke by nonsmokers, who share living or working quarters with smokers, also is an established risk factor for the development of lung cancer.
Asbestos fibers are silicate fibers that can persist for a lifetime in lung tissue following exposure to asbestos.
Radon gas is a natural radioactive gas that is a natural decay product of uranium. Uranium decays to form products, including radon, that emit a type of ionizing radiation. Radon gas is a known cause of lung cancer,
Air pollution from vehicles, industry, and power plants can raise the likelihood of developing lung cancer in exposed individuals.

When our bodies are exposed to carcinogens, free radicals are formed that try to steal electrons from other molecules in the body. These free radicals damage cells and affect their ability to function and divide normally.

Lung cancer symptoms

Cancer symptoms are quite varied and depend on where the cancer is located, where it has spread, and how big the tumor is. Lung cancer symptoms may take years before appearing, usually after the disease is in an advanced stage.

Many symptoms of lung cancer affect the chest and air passages. These include:

• Persistent or intense coughing
• Pain in the chest shoulder, or back from coughing
• Changes in color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (sputum)
• Difficulty breathing and swallowing
• Hoarseness of the voice
• Harsh sounds while breathing (stridor)
• Chronic bronchitis or pneumonia
• Coughing up blood, or blood in the sputum
• Symptoms If the lung cancer spreads, or metastasizes
• If cancer spreads to the brain, patients may experience vertigo, headaches, or seizures.
• In the liver may become enlarged and cause jaundice and bones can become painful, brittle, and broken. It is also possible for the cancer to infect the adrenal glands resulting in hormone level changes.
• Symptoms As lung cancer cells spread and use more of the body's energy,
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Pain in joints or bones
• Problems with brain function and memory
• Swelling in the neck or face
• General weakness
• Bleeding and blood clots

Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, and the stage of the cancer. Age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.

The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.

Surgery is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If a cancer is in stage I or II and has not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by surgically removing the tumor and the nearby lymph nodes. After the disease has spread, however, it is nearly impossible to remove all of the cancer cells.

Side effects Surgery - most notably pain and infection. Lung cancer surgery is an invasive procedure that can cause harm to the surrounding body parts.
Radiation treatment, also known as radiotherapy, destroys or shrinks lung cancer tumors by focusing high-energy rays on the cancer cells. This causes damage to the molecules that make up the cancer cells and leads them to commit suicide. Radiotherapy utilizes high-energy gamma-rays that are emitted from metals such as radium or high-energy x-rays that are created in a special machine. Radiation can be used as the main treatment for lung cancer, to kill remaining cells after surgery, or to kill cancer cells that have metastasized.

Early radiation treatments caused severe side-effects because the energy beams would damage normal, healthy tissue, but technologies have improved so that beams can be more accurately targeted. Radiation oncologists can focus the radiation in precise locations in the body for certain lengths of time, reducing the risk of damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Treatments occur intermittently over weeks or months depending on the size and extent of the tumor, the dosage of radiation, and how much damage is being done to noncancerous tissue.

Common side effects of radiation therapy include fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite, hair loss, and skin affectations that cause skin to become dry, irritated, and sensitive.

Chemotherapy utilizes strong chemicals that interfere with the cell division process -damaging proteins or DNA - so that cancer cells will commit suicide. These treatments target any rapidly dividing cells (not just cancer cells), but normal cells usually can recover from any chemical-induced damage while cancer cells cannot. Chemotherapy is considered systemic because its medicines travel throughout the entire body, killing the original tumor cells as well as cancer cells that have spread throughout the body.

Combination therapies often include multiple types of chemotherapy, and chemotherapy is also given as adjuvant therapy as a complement to surgery and radiation. Adjuvant therapy is designed to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence after surgery and killing any cancer cells that exist after surgery. Chemotherapy can be given before surgery, called neo-adjuvant therapy, to shrink tumors and to make surgery more successful.

Chemotherapy carries several common side effects, but they depend on the type of chemotherapy and the health of the patient. These include nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, diarrhea, hair loss, fatigue from anemia, infections, bleeding, and mouth sores. Many of these side effects are only temporarily felt during treatment, and several drugs exist to help patients cope with the symptoms.

How to prevent lung cancer

Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer, and smoking cessation is an important preventive tool in this process. Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces



Source and References:
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/lung-cancer/
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=406&page=1

Class C (Element 2,3,4)

Let me share this Radio Amateur examination reviewer, its illegal to use unregistered radio, and no license to operate, to be able to register your Radio Transceiver, you must be a license amateur radio operator, so, you have to take a examination before you become a License Radio Operator and register your radio,if you pass this examination you will become a license radio operator and you will receive a call sign. like i do, i take an exam and become a license amateur radio operator. this reviewer is for Class C and Class D Category.

Amateur Radio Examination Reviewer for Class C. (Element 2,3,4)

1. No Radio station in the amateur radio service shall be operated except and in accordance with a valid permit or license issued by the

      Answer:  National Telecommunications Commission (NTC)

2. Amateur class "D" certificate holders are authorize to operate

      Answer: VHF radio station only (144 MHZ - 146 MHZ)

3. Amateur Class "D" licensee is authorized to operate HF/SSB radio stations.

      Answer: No

4. Amateur class "D" licensee is authorized to operate VHF/FM   

    Radio sets with a maximum power of

      Answer: 100 watts

5. Amateur class "C" licensee is authorized to operate  HF stations with an output power not to exceed

      Answer: 100 watts on CW

6. Amateur class "B" licensee is authorized to operate HF fixed

   Stations with an output power not to exceed

      Answer: 500 watts on CW

7. Amateur class "A" licensee is authorized to operate HF fixed

    Stations with an output power not to exceed

      Answer: 1,000 watts on CW

8. The minimum age requirement for an applicant to qualify for an amateur examination is

      Answer: 12 years

9. An examinee in the code test for an  amateur operator is considered passed if he/she has committed no error for a period of one (1) minute reception provided further that  he/she has transcribed at least

      Answer: 2/3 of the text

10. To facilitate the reception of distress calls  all transmission on 145.00 MHZ shall be kept to a minimum and shall not exceed

      Answer: one (1) minute

11. This channel is used only for emergency communications and general calling for radiotelephony.

        Answer: 145 MHZ + 25 KHZ

12. Before transmitting on the frequency 145.000 MHZ, a station should listen on this frequency for a reasonable period in order to

        Answer: make sure that no distress traffic is being sent.

13. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "A" code test is

      Answer:  12 words per minute

14. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "B" code test is

      Answer:  8 words per minute

15. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "C"  code test is

      Answer:  5 words per minute

16. The speed requirement for an examinee for Class "D" code test is

      Answer:  None

17. A candidate for any class of amateur license is required to obtain an average of

      Answer:  70%

18. A holder of an ECE license or first class radiotelephone/radiotelegraph operator certificate is qualified to hold

      Answer:  Class "B" amateur certificate/license

19. What instruments are required for the operation of an amateur station?

      Answer:  valid amateur operator certificate and amateur

                        Radio station license.

20. An amateur shall not transmit messages or signals containing

       Answer:  profane or indecent words or language

21. All transmission in the amateur radio service shall carry identification signals known as

        Answer:  call sign

22. Where should an amateur radio station licensed be posted?

      Answer:  in a conspicuous place in the radio station

23. An amateurs authorized to receive, levy or collect toll fee

      or other remunerations for a service or services performed by his stations?

        Answer:  No

24. Are commercial messages allowed to be transmitted by an amateur?

        Answer:  No

25. The radio frequencies allocated for amateur stations shall be used strictly in accordance with

         Answer:  the class of operating station

26. What should an amateur do upon knowing that his station is

       Causing harmful interference to the operation of any existing station?

        Answer:  cease operation immediately

27. Operation of portable stations must not extend beyond one (1) month in any other area without obtaining

        Answer:  specific authority for continued operation

28. If the operation of a portable station should exceed four (4) months in any other area, what must be applied for?

        Answer:  modification of the station license

29. When shall a person other than the licensed radio amateur allowed to use the latter radio transmitter/transceiver?

         Answer:  when the operation is under the direct supervision or control of the licensee

30. The Philippines is divided into how many radio amateur districts?

         Answer:  nine (9)

31. Who is authorized to install and operate amateur radio repeaters?

        Answer:  Only duly recognized amateur associations, clubs or societies

32. An amateur association should have how many number of members to qualify for accreditation by the NTC?

        Answer:  25

33. The fixed amateur radio station of an association, club or society shall be licensed under the name of

         Answer:  trustee designated by the association, club or society

34. One of the grounds for the revocation/suspension of a radio amateur license is

         Answer:  violation of the provision of the radio control law

35. In case of loss of an amateur certificate of amateur radio station license, what should an amateur do?

        Answer:  file an application for duplicate with the NTC

36. When should an amateur radio station license without modification be filed for renewal?

        Answer:  30 days before expiration date

37. When should an amateur certificate be filed for renewal?

         Answer:  30 days before expiration date

38. What is the maximum penalty levied to an individual who violates the provisions of the radio control law?

         Answer:  fine of P 2,000.00 and imprisonment of 2 years                                                                                                           

39. What is the maximum penalty levied to a company that violates the provisions of the radio control law?

         Answer:  fine of P 5,000.00

40. The content of a radio message shall be divulge only to the

        Answer:  addressee

41. What is the amateur radio service?

        Answer:  A radio communications service for self-training and technical investigation

42. What is an amateur radio operator?

        Answer:  Someone who performs communications for self training and experimentation

43. What is an amateur radio station?

       Answer:  A radio station operated by a person interested in self-training, intercommunications and technical

                Investigations

44. Ordinarily an amateur station logbook must be kept for how long after the date of last entry?

          Answer:  one year

45. An amateur radio station logbook with a distress traffic entry should be kept for a period of

        Answer:  five years

46. An amateur radio station license should be located

        Answer:  In the premises under the control  of the licensee

47. When is music allowed to be broadcast over an amateur radio station?

        Answer:  never

48. An amateur radio station is allowed to contact

        Answer:  all amateur radio stations

49. Holders of class "D" certificates are allowed to operate UHF/FM radio stations

       Answer:  No

50. Holder of class "C" amateur certificates may possess how many amateur radio stations?

         Answer:  as many as they could

51. A holder of Class C amateur license renews 3 years and expired 14 months. How much the filing fee?

                Answer: Php. 918.00

52. When is citizen of another country qualified to take examination and applied for an amateur license her?

                Answer: Some Privilege to Filipino national as far as examination is concerned.

53. if a Class C amateur passes the examination for upgrade to a Class B, how does he effect the upgrade of his license?

                Answer: Modification of amateur license.

54. What application should be file with the NTC when an amateur license has been lost mutilated or destroyed?

                Answer: Duplicate license

55. A Candidate for any class of amateur license is required to obtain an average of….

                Answer: 70% w/no grade 50% for any element

56. What document is used by NTC authorizing the holder to purchase a radio transmitter or transceiver?

                Answer: Permit to Purchase

57. What region are under amateur District 8?

                Answer: Region IX/XII

58. DU1ABC Transmitting in Iloilo and stay 4 months and apply modification of call sign, what call sign shall ne use to transmit?

                Answer: DU6ABC

59. Which one below is valid amateur call sign in the Philippines?

                Answer: DU1EOV

60. What is DY, DW, DV, or 4F in the formation of amateur call sign?

                Answer: Prefix

61. The Philippines is under what region in International Telecommunication Union?

                Answer: Region 3

62. 145.000 MHz +/-25 kHz emergency frequency transmitting how long should be to facilitate the reception in Distress call?

                Answer: one (1) minute

63. What is the Federation of National Amateur radio society worldwide which serves as the watchdog and spokesperson for the World Amateur Radio Community in the International?

                Answer: IARU (International Amateur Radio Union)

64. In 2011 the NTC issued memorandum Circular 04-03-2011 on some frequency which shall be used.

                Answer: 144.740 MHz and 7.095 MHz

65. Portable operation must not exceed beyond one (1) month in any area without obtaining specific for continue operation.

                Answer: one (1) month.

66. Rules and Regulations governing the amateur radio service to be known as…

                Answer: R.A 3846

67. Benguet is under what amateur radio district?

                Answer:  District 2

68. Class B amateur shall be allowed to take the examination for class A provided they have been holder of valid class B license for at least…

                Answer: 12 months

69. A radio portable intended to be used during unspecified halts or while in motion is Called..

                Answer: Mobile Radio

70. What is the emergency channel?

                Answer: 145 MHz+/-25 kHz

71. What the maximum term for amateur radio station license?

                Answer: 3 years

72. What is not included in the frequency bands for amateur radio services?

                Answer: 3.3-3.5 MHz

73. The frequency for transmitting operating below ___ must be suspended during the period of reception..

                Answer: 144 MHz

74. Class A license shall be authorized to operate HF station with an output power not exceeding ____ watts on PEP single side band suppressed carrier..

                Answer: 2000 watts

75. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture (amateur TV) on all frequency above ____ MHz is allowed of authorized by NTC..

                Answer: 40 MHz

76. A radio teletype transmission the frequency shift shall not exceed ____ hertz…

                Answer: 800 hertz.

77. Who can install and operate amateur repeater station?

                Answer: Accredited Amateur Radio Club

78. The Amateur license of Mr. Abe expired 2007 what condition must be meet in order to review his amateur Class C license if he file application for license on Aug. 24, 2013?

                Answer: He must pass appropriate exam before another license may be issued.

79. What is Distress call radio telephony?

                Answer: Mayday

80. What is the distress call radio telegraphy?

                Answer: SOS

81. If an amateur with DU3DYG call sign temporarily operate a portable station in Zamboangga for less than a months, how could he identify his station in radio telephony?

                Answer: DU3FYG Portable 8 (DU3DYG8)

82. Dv3rxc Transmitting in Pangasinan and stay 4 months and apply modification of call sign. What call sign shall use to transmit?

                Answer: DV2RXC

83. What is the amateur station so designed that it may conveniently be move about from place to place or personally carried and be operate while in motion or temporary halts?

                Answer: Amateur Portable Station.

84. What is the amateur station installed on board vehicle or vessel and intended to be used while in motion?

                Answer: Amateur Mobile Station

85. What frequency range on 2 meter VHF can be used by amateur in the Philippines?

                Answer: 144.00-146.00 MHz

86. What are provinces under amateur District 4?

                Answer: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Sorsogon.

87. What document shall a duly accredited amateur club enter into with NTC for the management of its member in the proper use of amateur frequency bands and prevention of harmful interference?

                Answer: Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)

88. How should frequency bands allocated for a particular class of amateur be used by duly authorized amateur?

                Answer: Non Interference Basis

89. Dumaguete city is under what amateur radio district?

                Answer: District 7

90. Posting the call sign of fixed amateur station shall be posted at the entrance to premises where the fixed station located.

                Answer: At Least 10cm High.

91. Posting a call sign on the windshield of the vehicle or vessel with character at least..

                Answer: 5.08cm high

92. In Class C exam fail in element III and IV but passes element II (70%) shall eligible for..

                Answer: Class D (Foundation Class)

93. Which of the following methods is encouraged by the NTC when identifying your station when using phone?

                Answer: Use phonetics Alphabet

94. In voice Communication may be plain language either English, Filipino or any of the Philippines dialect.

                Answer: Q Codes

95. A radio station in the amateur service installed at specific and fixed location.

                Answer: Amateur Fixed Station

96. Refers to Telecommunication by means of radio waves conducted by or among duly authorized amateur operators on non commercial basis..

                Answer: Amateur Radio Communication

97. A group compose of NTC personnel and class A amateur from the national amateur radio organization who assist the NTC in formulating policies, rules and regulation and exam question for the amateur radio services.

                Answer: Amateur Radio Consultative Panel (ARCP)

98. Refers to a Class A amateur radio operator who has operated his own amateur for at least five (5) years and has been deputized by the NTC to inspect amateur station.

                Answer: Amateur Radio Inspector.

99. A radio communication services using space station and earth satellite for the purpose as those of the amateur radio services.

                Answer: Amateur Satellite Services

100. Refers to National Telecommunication Commission.

                Answer: NTC

101. General term applied to the use of radio wave.

                Answer: Radio

102. Refers to Telecommunication by means of radio wave..

                Answer: Radio Communication.

Element 3

1. Two resistors, R3 and R2 which are connected in parallel, is connected in series to R1. If the source of volume is 250 volts, what is the current flowing across R2? R1 = 500 ohms, R2= 800 ohms, R3 = 2000 ohms

                Answer: 0.075 (value of R3 should be 200 to give the correct answer)

2. In number 1, what is the current across R3?

                Answer: 0.28 (based on #1 if R3=200)

3. A resistor is marked as green, black, orange, no color. What is the value of this resistor?

                Answer: 5000 ohms +/- 20%

4. What is the value of a resistor whose marking are GREEN, BLUE, BROWN SILVER?

                Answer: 560 +/- 10%

5. What is the value of resistor whose marking are violet, blue, red, gold?

                Answer: 7600 ohms +/- 5%

6. What is the value of a resistor with color markings blue, gray, brown?

                Answer: 680 ohms

7. The prefix Pico means?

                Answer: 10-12

8. Decimal equivalent of 1 nanofarad

                Answer: 0.000000001

9. How many microfarads are there in 1 farad?

                Answer: 1 000000

10. The prefix GIGA means, ten raised to the power of ____

                Answer: 9

11. The logarithm of the output power over the input power multiplied by 10

                Answer: Decibel

12. A resistive load of 3000 ohms is connected across a resonant circuit in which the inductive and capacitive reactance are each 300 ohms. What is the circuit Q?

                Answer: 10

13. A short circuit has a resistance of ___

                Answer: Zero

14. How much power shall be converted to heat in a 4000 ohms resistor if the current is 350 mA?

                Answer: 490 w

15. An atom in its natural state has an electric change of___

                ANSWER: Zero change

16. What is the voltage across a capacitor of 100 pf at 14.30 MHz if the current through the capacitor is 50 mA?

                Answer: 5.6 V

17. The instrument used to monitor relative RF output when the transmitter and antenna are being adjusted is called

                Answer: Grid – dip meter

18. Three resistors are connected in parallel. What is the total resistance in the R1 = 100 ohms, R@ = 200 ohms, R3 is 300 ohms?

                Answer: 54 ohms

19. The 3 capacitors with a value of 15 of each are connected in series. What is the total capacitance?

                Answer: 5 uf

20. Two non-interacting capacitors are in series. One has a value of 10pF, the other of 20pF. What is the resulting reactance in a circuit operating at 28 MHz?

                Answer: 852

21. Two resistors having a value of 15 ohms and 7 ohms are connected in series across a 220 volt source. What is the voltage across 7 ohms?

                Answer: 70 volts (voltage across R2)

22. One of the formulas does not satisfy the Ohms Law

                Answer: V=I/R  V = I x R

23. A ____ is an instrument that measures resistance less than one ohm.

                Answer: Wheatstone bridge

24. Unit of conductance

                Answer: Siemens

25. Unit of admittance

                Answer: Siemens

26. The condition in an ac circuit containing both capacitive and inductive reactance in which the reactance’s are equal

                Answer: Resonance

27. The ability to store electrical energy in a magnetic field is ___

                Answer: Inductance

28. What happens with the resistance of a copper wire if we increase its diameter?

                Answer: Reduced

29. The main characteristic of a diode is:

                Answer: Current flows in one direction

30. A copper wire has a resistance of 10 ohms/metes. What is the resistance if the length is 40 meters?

                Answer: 400 ohms

31. Dry cells are connected ___ for maximum current

                Answer: Parallel

32. To be able to have at 4.5 volts do one may use this combination of flashlight batteries

                Answer: 3 (three) 1.5V in series

33. The tendency of RF currents to flow along the surface of the wire at high frequencies is called _____

                Answer: Skin effect

34. The main problem with this phenomenon is that increases the effective resistance of a wire for ac at moderate to high frequencies, compared with the resistance of the same wire at direct current (dc) and low ac frequencies

                Answer: Skin Effect

35. The characteristics of electronic equipment that permits undesired responses when subjected to electromagnetic energy

                Answer: Immunity

36. A series circuit consisting of an inductive reactance of 100 ohms and a resistance of 75 ohms is connected to a source of 250 volts. What is the phase angle?

                Answer: 53

37. A series circuit consisting of an inductive reactance of 100 ohms and a resistance of 75 ohms is connected to a source of 250 volts. What is the power factor?

                Answer: 60%

38. A capacitor of a reactance of 16 ohms is in parallel with a resistor of 12 ohms. What is the resulting impedance?

                Answer: 10

39. A capacitor with a reactance of 16 ohms is in parallel with a resistor of 12 ohms. What is the resulting PHASE ANGLE?

                Answer: -37o

40. How much current is flowing through the resistor if the resistance is 35 ohms and the voltage is 140 volts?

                Answer: 4 amps

41. What is the audio frequency range?

                Answer: 30Hz – 30 KHz

42. What is the frequency of operation when wavelength of the radio signal is 3 meters long?

                Answer: 100 MHz

43. What is the frequency of an 80-m RF wave?

                Answer: 3.75 MHz

44. What is the wavelength 9 (in meters) of an RF wave whose frequency is 14 MHz?

                Answer: 21 m

45. The frequency band 30 – 300 MHz is also known as:

                Answer: VHF

46. The frequency 54 GHz is under what classification of frequency?

                Answer: EHF

47. The frequency range of 430 MHz is in the ___ band?

                Answer: UHF

48. AM radio station with the frequency of 666 kHz? Is under what classification?

                Answer: MF

49. The frequency band of MF

                Answer: 300 – 3000 kHz

50. Two non-interacting inductances are in series. Each has a value of 4.0 uH, and the operating frequency is 3.8 MHz   what is the resulting reactance?

                Answer: 96

51. What is the peak voltage on a capacitor if the RMS voltage of a sinusoidal waveform is 150 V ac?

                Answer: 212 V

52. A flow of electrons forced into motion by voltage is known as

                Answer: Current

53. What is the bandwidth of a series-resonant circuit operating on 145 MHz with a Qu of 100?

                Answer: 1.45 MHz

54. Power factor of a purely resistive circuit?

                Answer: 1

Element 4

1. Equipment used to measure Standing Wave Radio of a transmission line is ____

                Answer: Reflectometer

2. An example of a widely used semi conductor material

                Answer: Germanium

3. Transmitting stations must have this installed to have a mean of draining static energy charges from antenna system

                Answer: Lightning arresters

4. A Wave trap is another kind of ___

                Answer: Band stop filter

5. What is the power of transmitter with voltmeter reading of 1100 volts and 500 mA?

                Answer: 550 W

6. What is used to measure current?

                Answer: Ammeter

7. This equipment provides visual display of amplitude versus frequency of a signal on a cathode ray tube

                Answer: Spectrum analyzer

8. Sweep generator is used to ___

                Answer: Generate pulsating DC voltage

9. Wheatstone bridge is an instrument that measures an unknown

                Answer: Resistance

10. The second harmonic of 1200 Hz

                Answer: 2400 Hz

11. Hams must regularly tune their transceivers. This must be done using ____ to ensure no interference to other users of the band

                Answer: Dummy load

12. When should the words “break break” be used?

                Answer: Urgency of priority traffic

13. The Q-codes are extensively used in the amateur service QTH means ____

                Answer: Location

14. Ground conductors may be made from

                Answer: Bronze

15. When to use two tone test

                Answer: Set up linear amplifier for SSB

16. The equipment is a simple audio amplifier with high impedance input used to “hear” a signal in a circuit

                Answer: Signal tracer

17.          A multi meter is an instrument having a number of measuring functions. Which is not a function of a multi-meter?

                Answer: Measure RF

18. If a 0.1 dc milliammeter is to be converted into a voltmeter with full scale calibration of 100 volts, what value of resistance should be connected in series with the milliameter?

                Answer: 100,000 ohms

19. Which test cannot be performed by a typical vacuum tube tester?

                Answer: None of the above

20. It is an instrument that measures the relative power being radiated from an antenna

                Answer: Field strength meter

21. What is a potentiometer?

                Answer: Variable resistor

22. Identical or match impedance of antenna and transmission line will result in?

                Answer: Unity SWR

23. A circuit that is complete and therefore allows current to flow is called ___

                Answer: Regulated circuit

24. What happens when a resistor is connected in series with a meter?

                Answer: Increase measuring range of voltmeter

25. Which does not belong to the group?

                Answer: Spectrum analyzer (not a multi tester)

26. What does a QSA mean?

                Answer: Signal strength

27. Device used to connect a balanced line to unbalance line

                Answer: Balun

28. If it is 1 AM in Manila, what is the Universal Standard time?

                Answer: 17:00

29. This is a mathematical technique for determining the frequency content of a signal and when applied will improve the signal to noise ratio

                Answer: Fourier Transform

30. A resistor to set resistors used in place of an antenna to test a transmitter without radiating any electromagnetic energy into the air

                Answer: Dummy load

31. Four passive elements (such as resistors, inductors) connected as a pair of voltage dividers with a meter or other measuring device across two opposite junctions

                Answer: Bridge Circuit

32. If a signal covers the frequency 14200 to 14250 kHz what is the bandwidth?

                Answer: 50 kHz

33. How should a voltmeter be connected to the circuit to measure the current across the shunt?

                Answer: Series with the shunt

34. Measure of voltmeter sensitivity

                 Answer: Ohms per volt

35. A microphone is shielded with the hands to:

                Answer: Reduce outside noises

36. When communications are disrupted as a result of a disaster, the license of a station may:

                Answer: Use the station for emergency

37. Call signs are transmitted to:

                Answer: Identify the originator of message

38. A wattmeter automatically compensates for

                Answer: Power factor

39. An instrument used to present test signals in frequency domain

                Answer: Spectrum analyzer

40. The origin of interfering signal can be located with the use of a direction finder by

                Answer: Triaqulation

41. What must the radio operator do before beginning a call or a test transmission?

                Answer: Send call sign

42. What is the formula for power?

                Answer: P = VI

43. Phonetic Alphabet is commonly used in radio communications because it:

                Answer: Ensure words are clearly understood

44. An effective ___ system is necessary for every amateur station because it provides a common reference potential for all parts of the ac system and reduces the risk of electric shock

                Answer: Safety ground

45. The speed of light is

                Answer: 300,000,000 m/sec

46. The frequency 15 MHz is in the band of?

                Answer: HF

47. What opposes the flow of current in an AC circuit?

                Answer: Inductance

48. A radio operator must check for any ongoing communications on the frequency prior to:

                Answer: Testing his radio on air

49. Digital Frequency Counters are often used in the radio world. What is not an application or use of this equipment?

                 Answer: Measuring reflection coefficient.  

Philippine National Telecommunication Commission